Convert any number (1-3,999) to Roman numerals and back. Instant results with full symbol breakdown, subtractive notation rules and a complete reference table.
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Roman numerals use subtractive notation for 6 special cases where a smaller symbol precedes a larger one:
IV is used instead of IIII. IX instead of VIIII. This avoids repeating a symbol more than 3 times.
Roman numerals originated in ancient Rome (around 900-800 BC) and remained the dominant numeral system in Europe well into the Middle Ages. They are still used today for clock faces, book chapters, film titles, sporting events and year markers (e.g. Super Bowl LVIII).
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